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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Protein Modifications in the RER

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast, mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Post-translational modifications and the Warburg effect.

T Hitosugi¹, J Chen²

¹Department of Oncology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

|October 8, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) act as switches for cell proliferation. In cancer, altered PTMs reprogram metabolism, driving tumor growth and the Warburg effect.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

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Published on: February 27, 2020

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Cancer Biology

Background:

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate cell signaling and proliferation.
Cancer cells exhibit dysregulated proliferation and altered metabolism, notably the Warburg effect.
The precise mechanisms linking signaling pathways, PTMs, and cancer metabolism remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in understanding how signaling pathways reprogram cancer cell metabolism via PTMs.
To elucidate the role of PTMs in promoting cancer cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and tumor growth.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on PTMs, signal transduction, and cancer metabolism.
Synthesis of findings on oncogenic and tumor suppressive signaling pathways.
Analysis of the Warburg effect and its regulation.

Main Results:

PTMs serve as critical regulators, acting as molecular switches for cell proliferation in normal cells.
In cancer, aberrant PTMs contribute to continuous proliferative signals and metabolic reprogramming.
Signaling pathways leverage PTMs to promote the Warburg effect, conferring a metabolic advantage to tumor cells.

Conclusions:

PTMs are central to linking cell signaling with metabolic adaptation in cancer.
Understanding PTM-mediated metabolic reprogramming is key to targeting cancer proliferation and growth.
This review highlights PTMs as crucial mediators in cancer's metabolic hallmark.