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Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and narrowing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Simultaneous Photothrombosis and Fiber Photometry to Induce and Monitor Ischemic Stroke in Behaving Mice

Simultaneous Photothrombosis and Fiber Photometry to Induce and Monitor Ischemic Stroke in Behaving Mice

Published on: November 14, 2025

Transient ischemic attack and stroke in systemic lupus erythematosus.

H Timlin¹, M Petri

¹Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

|October 8, 2013

Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients face a higher risk of ischemic stroke. Both disease-specific and traditional risk factors contribute to cerebrovascular events, which are a significant cause of death in SLE.

Keywords:

Stroke systemic lupus erythematosus transient ischemic attack

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Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Published on: August 11, 2023

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Simultaneous Photothrombosis and Fiber Photometry to Induce and Monitor Ischemic Stroke in Behaving Mice

Simultaneous Photothrombosis and Fiber Photometry to Induce and Monitor Ischemic Stroke in Behaving Mice

Published on: November 14, 2025

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Published on: August 11, 2023

Area of Science:

Neurology
Rheumatology
Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

Ischemic stroke incidence is elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
The diagnosis of stroke in SLE patients presents diagnostic complexities.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic stroke share underlying mechanisms, but outcomes can differ based on cause and severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the complex relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus and ischemic stroke.
To highlight the importance of considering both disease-specific and traditional risk factors for stroke in SLE patients.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on stroke in SLE patients.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors for cerebrovascular events in SLE.

Main Results:

In SLE patients with a history of TIA, stroke incidence was observed to be 57%.
Cerebrovascular events represent a substantial cause of mortality, accounting for 20% to 30% of deaths in SLE patients.
Both SLE-specific factors and conventional stroke risk factors play a crucial role in SLE-related cerebrovascular events.

Conclusions:

Stroke diagnosis and management in SLE require careful consideration of multiple contributing factors.
Understanding the interplay of disease-specific and traditional risk factors is essential for improving stroke outcomes in SLE patients.