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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

TGF-β: guardian of T cell function.

Soyoung A Oh1, Ming O Li

  • 1Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|October 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is crucial for adaptive immunity, regulating T cell development and maintaining a diverse, self-tolerant T cell repertoire. This review explores TGF-β

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The adaptive immune system relies on a diverse and self-tolerant T cell repertoire.
  • T cells are fundamental to immune responses, requiring careful regulation for proper function.
  • Cytokines play critical roles in modulating immune cell behavior and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of how TGF-β regulates T cells.
  • To highlight the importance of TGF-β in T cell development, homeostasis, tolerance, and differentiation.
  • To discuss the complex mechanisms underlying TGF-β's role in T cell biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on TGF-β and T cells.
  • Analysis of the regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β production and activation.

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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

  • Examination of TGF-β signaling pathways in the context of T cell function.

    • Main Results:

    • TGF-β is a highly conserved cytokine essential for a functional T cell pool.
    • TGF-β critically regulates T cell development, homeostasis, tolerance, and differentiation.
    • Complex control of TGF-β production, activation, and signaling contributes to its pleiotropic effects.

    Conclusions:

    • TGF-β is indispensable for maintaining a healthy and functional T cell repertoire.
    • Understanding TGF-β's intricate regulation of T cells is key to comprehending adaptive immunity.
    • Further research into TGF-β pathways can elucidate its broad impact on immune system regulation.