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Updated: May 7, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
Published on: August 4, 2021
Recurrent miscarriage and cervical human papillomavirus infection
Carlo Ticconi1, Adalgisa Pietropolli, Guido Fabbri
1Academic Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
Problem:
To investigate the possible relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and recurrent miscarriage (RM).
Methods:
In this retrospective case-control study, 49 women with unexplained RM (Group 1 - cases) and 475 women without any miscarriage and with at least one pregnancy at term (Group 2 - controls) were checked for cervical HPV infection through Hybrid Capture(®) II (HC 2) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results:
HPV+ DNA tests were detected in 13 (26.53%) RM women and in 294 (61.89%) control women (P < 0.001). The prevalence rate in HPV+DNA tests was significantly different in the 30-39 years age range. No differences between groups were detected in HPV types, nor in the cytological and histological findings.
Conclusion:
Women with RM have a lower prevalence of HPV+DNA tests than controls. This suggests that immune reactivity potentially leading to RM could be in some way protective against genital HPV infection.
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