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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
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Inter-dependent tissue growth and Turing patterning in a model for long bone development.

Simon Tanaka1, Dagmar Iber

  • 1Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, Switzerland.

Physical Biology
|October 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new model shows how ligand-receptor interactions, like Indian Hedgehog (IHH) signaling, create patterns during long bone development. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) enhances pattern stability in this Turing mechanism.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Long bone development relies on precise spatial organization of cellular processes.
  • The mechanisms generating this spatial organization in developing long bones remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a regulatory model for core signaling factors involved in long bone development.
  • To investigate the role of Indian Hedgehog (IHH), Patched 1 (PTCH1), and Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in pattern formation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational model integrating biochemical interactions of IHH, PTCH1, and PTHrP.
  • Included two chondrocyte cell types: proliferating/resting and (pre-)hypertrophic.
  • Analyzed the model's ability to reproduce spatiotemporal gene expression and mutant phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • The IHH-PTCH1 interaction generates Schnakenberg-type Turing kinetics.
  • PTHrP inclusion is crucial for robust patterning when integrating tissue dynamics.
  • The model successfully replicates key gene expression patterns and mutant phenotypes observed in long bone development.

Conclusions:

  • Ligand-receptor based Turing mechanisms, involving factors like IHH and PTHrP, likely control pattern emergence in long bone development.
  • PTHrP acts as a key mediator, ensuring patterning robustness within the dynamic environment of developing bone.
  • Receptor-ligand interactions represent a general principle for generating biological Turing patterns across different developmental processes.