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Related Concept Videos

Downsampling01:20

Downsampling

874
When considering a sampled sequence with zero values between sampling instants, one can replace it by taking every N-th value of the sequence. At these integer multiples of N, the original and sampled sequences coincide. This process, known as decimation, involves extracting every N-th sample from a sequence, thereby creating a more efficient sequence.
The Fourier transform of the decimated sequence reveals a combination of scaled and shifted versions of the original spectrum. This...
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Clipper Circuit01:18

Clipper Circuit

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A clipper circuit is a fundamental wave-shaping device that harnesses the unique properties of diodes to alter and control waveform characteristics. This technology is widely used in electronic devices, especially in television and radar communication systems, where it enhances waveform modulation in both transmitters and receivers.
The operation of a clipper circuit can be exemplified by analyzing a dual-clipper configuration setup that integrates two ideal diodes, each paired with a biasing...
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Power Factor Correction01:20

Power Factor Correction

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The power transmission to a factory involves the transfer of apparent power, a combination of active and reactive power. The power factor measures how effectively electrical power is converted into useful work output. The ratio of the real power (KW) that does the work to the apparent power (KVA) supplied to the circuit.
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LC Circuits01:21

LC Circuits

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An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...
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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

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In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Colorless monolithically integrated 120° downconverter.

P J Reyes-Iglesias, A Ortega-Moñux, I Molina-Fernández

    Optics Express
    |October 10, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study demonstrates a new 120° downconverter for colorless reception of dense wavelength division multiplexed signals. The technology efficiently supports up to 80 channels for high-order Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signals.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical communications
    • Integrated photonics
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems require efficient channel reception.
    • High-order Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signals demand advanced signal processing techniques.
    • Conventional 90° downconverters have limitations in performance and complexity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To numerically demonstrate a colorless reception of DWDM channels using a novel 120° monolithically integrated downconverter.
    • To evaluate the performance of the 120° downconverter for high-order QAM signals.
    • To present an alternative to traditional 90° based downconverters.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical demonstration of a 120° monolithically integrated downconverter.

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  • Utilizing a 2x3 Multi-Mode Interferer (MMI) with calibrated analog In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) recovery.
  • Testing with dense wavelength division multiplexed channels in the C-band for 16-64 QAM signals.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful colorless reception of dense WDM channels.
    • Demonstrated capability to support up to 80 coincident channels efficiently.
    • Exhibited good signal dynamic range and high fabrication yield.
    • The 120° downconverter uses the minimum power outputs for perfect IQ signal recovery.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed calibrated 120° downconverter is an efficient solution for colorless reception of DWDM channels.
    • This technology offers a viable and potentially superior alternative to conventional 90° downconverters.
    • The downconverter shows promise for future high-capacity optical communication systems.