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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

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The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then...
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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Above-threshold ionization by few-cycle phase jump pulses.

Pidong Hu, Yueping Niu, Yang Xiang

    Optics Express
    |October 10, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    We investigated how laser pulse phase jumps affect hydrogen atom ionization. Proper phase jumps dramatically enhance photoelectron yield and extend energy cutoffs, offering new control over atomic ionization processes.

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum mechanics
    • Atomic physics
    • Laser-matter interactions

    Background:

    • Above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a fundamental process in laser-atom interactions.
    • Understanding ATI dynamics is crucial for controlling electron emission.
    • Few-cycle laser pulses offer unique temporal control over ionization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically investigate the role of phase jumps in few-cycle laser pulse-driven ATI of hydrogen atoms.
    • To explore the influence of phase jump timing on photoelectron spectra and yield.
    • To identify mechanisms responsible for spectral modifications.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical solution of the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation (3D TDSE).
    • Simulation of hydrogen atoms interacting with few-cycle laser pulses featuring a phase jump.

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  • Analysis of photoelectron energy spectra and yield.
  • Complementary classical simulations and Fourier transform methods for spectral interpretation.

    • Main Results:

    • Phase jumps significantly influence the ATI process in hydrogen atoms.
    • The cutoff energy of the photoelectron spectrum can be extended to very high energies.
    • Photoelectron yield can be dramatically enhanced by optimizing phase jump timing.
    • Distinct spectral features arise due to the presence and timing of the phase jump.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase jumps in few-cycle laser pulses provide a powerful tool to control ATI.
    • The timing of the phase jump is a critical parameter for maximizing photoelectron yield and energy.
    • Theoretical modeling, including 3D TDSE and classical simulations, effectively explains the observed phenomena.