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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime
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Testing increases suggestibility for narrative-based misinformation but reduces suggestibility for question-based

Jessica A LaPaglia1, Jason C K Chan

  • 1Department of Psychology, Morningside College, 1501 Morningside Ave, Sioux City, IA, 51106, U.S.A.

Behavioral Sciences & the Law
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Summary

Recalling event details can increase or decrease eyewitness suggestibility. Testing enhances suggestibility with narrative misinformation but reduces it when misinformation is presented in questions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Eyewitness Testimony Research

Background:

  • Recalling event details after an event can influence suggestibility to misinformation.
  • Conflicting findings exist: some studies show increased suggestibility, while others show decreased suggestibility after retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the presentation format of misinformation modulates the effect of prior testing on eyewitness suggestibility.
  • To reconcile conflicting findings in the literature regarding retrieval effects on suggestibility.

Main Methods:

  • Participants watched a video of a crime and were either tested immediately or not.
  • Misinformation was subsequently presented either in a narrative format or as questions.
  • Eyewitness suggestibility was measured based on responses to the misinformation.

Main Results:

  • Consistent with prior research, immediate testing increased suggestibility when misinformation was presented in a narrative.
  • Crucially, immediate testing decreased suggestibility when misinformation was presented in questions.

Conclusions:

  • The format of misinformation presentation is a critical factor in determining whether prior testing enhances or reduces eyewitness suggestibility.
  • These findings highlight the complex interaction between memory retrieval and misinformation effects, depending on how that misinformation is encountered.