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Updated: May 7, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Discrepancies between guidelines and clinical practice regarding prostate-specific antigen testing.

Esther Hj Hamoen1, Daphne Fm Reukers, Mattijs E Numans

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|October 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing incidence in men aged 45+ nearly quadrupled from 2002-2011. This increase occurred despite guidelines recommending cautious PSA test use, particularly in men with urinary issues or cardiovascular disease.

Keywords:
Diagnostic testepidemiologyincidencemass screeningprostate-specific antigenprostatic neoplasms.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • General Practice
  • Public Health

Background:

  • International guidelines advocate for judicious prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing.
  • Despite recommendations, a rise in PSA testing incidence has been observed in clinical practice.
  • Accurate, up-to-date data on PSA test incidence rates are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine PSA test incidence rates in general practices over a decade (2002-2011).
  • To identify factors associated with increased PSA test utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study utilizing a large general practice healthcare database (2002-2011).
  • Analysis of over 65,000 male patients' data.
  • Calculation of annual PSA testing incidence rates per 1000 person-years and relative risks for comorbidities.

Main Results:

  • Overall PSA testing incidence in men aged 45+ increased nearly fourfold (15.5 to 54.3 per 1000 person-years) from 2002 to 2011.
  • The rate of increase accelerated after 2005.
  • Men with comorbidities like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and particularly urinary problems, showed higher PSA testing rates.

Conclusions:

  • PSA testing incidence significantly rose between 2002 and 2011.
  • This increase was notable in men with urinary symptoms and cardiovascular disease.
  • The trend contrasts with international guidelines recommending a more judicious approach to PSA testing.