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Uncertainty: Overview00:59

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
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Social psychologists analyze how groups influence one another, shaping social structures and interactions through both cooperation and competition. These dynamics manifest in various ways, ranging from economic partnerships to intergroup conflicts that shape societal structures and perceptions.Cooperation and Competition in Intergroup RelationsIntergroup relationships vary across contexts, sometimes fostering cooperation and mutual benefit while at other times leading to conflict and...
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The confidence interval is the range of values around the mean that contains the true mean. It is expressed as a probability percentage. The interpretation of a 95% confidence interval, for instance, is that the statistician is 95% confident that the true mean falls within the interval. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as confidence limits. The confidence limits for the true mean are estimated from the sample's mean, the standard deviation, and the statistical factor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior
06:48

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Swarm intelligence: when uncertainty meets conflict.

Larissa Conradt1, Christian List, Timothy J Roper

  • 1Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

The American Naturalist
|October 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conflict can improve collective decision-making. Sharing decisions among individuals with conflicting goals, surprisingly, enhances individual gains and accuracy, unlike decisions made without conflict.

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Evolutionary Game Theory
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Effective decision-making is crucial for survival and fitness.
  • Understanding profitable strategies in conflict-driven decision-making remains limited.
  • Sharing decisions can pool information but also introduce conflicting interests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate when animals should share decisions in conflict situations.
  • To determine the impact of conflicting goals on collective decision accuracy and individual gains.
  • To explore the role of shared large-scale goals in successful conflict-based decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical model to simulate decision-making processes.
  • Analysis of decision outcomes under conditions of conflict and no conflict.
  • Examination of the correlation of individual choice errors in shared decisions.

Main Results:

  • Decision sharing among animals with conflicting goals often improves individual gains and accuracy.
  • Contrary to intuition, conflict can enhance decision outcomes when large-scale goals are shared.
  • Decisions shared by non-conflicting individuals frequently resulted in poor outcomes.
  • Reduced correlation in individual choice errors underlies the benefits of conflict in decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Conflict, when aligned with shared overarching goals, can be beneficial for collective decision-making.
  • Excluding minority factions from collective decisions may be detrimental.
  • Findings suggest implications for improving human collective decision-making processes by including diverse perspectives.