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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Hypoglycemia01:26

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Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Multilevel model based glucose control for type-1 diabetes patients.

Winston Garcia-Gabin, Elling W Jacobsen

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |October 11, 2013
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a novel multilevel model for designing closed-loop glucose controllers for type 1 diabetes. The approach reduces hypoglycemia risk and improves robustness for individual patients.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Endocrinology
    • Systems Biology

    Background:

    • Diabetes mellitus involves complex, multi-level biological alterations affecting glucose homeostasis.
    • Traditional diabetes control methods often overlook intricate intracellular signaling pathways.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel multilevel modeling approach for designing closed-loop glucose controllers.
    • To enhance the safety and robustness of glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a control scheme integrating pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models with an insulin signal transduction model.
    • Design of an insulin feedback control strategy utilizing intracellular information.
    • Validation using a well-established in silico population of type 1 diabetes patients.

    Main Results:

    • Significant reduction in hypoglycemic risk due to minimized glucose undershoot after insulin administration.
    • Demonstrated robust performance across diverse patient profiles within the in silico population.
    • Successful application of the multilevel control strategy for improved diabetes management.

    Conclusions:

    • Multilevel modeling offers a promising strategy for advanced closed-loop glucose control in type 1 diabetes.
    • Incorporating intracellular dynamics enhances controller safety and patient-specific adaptability.
    • This approach holds potential for more effective and personalized diabetes management systems.