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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment
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Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment

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Deep brain stimulation for major depression.

T E Schlaepfer1, B H Bewernick

  • 1Brain Stimulation Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Departments of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) offers hope for treatment-resistant depression, showing antidepressant effects and improved social functioning in some patients. Larger trials are ongoing to confirm these promising results and explore new targets.

Keywords:
anterior limb of internal capsuledeep brain stimulationethical standardsmajor depressionmedial forebrain bundleneuromodulationnucleus accumbensreward systemsubgenual cingulate gyrus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Major depression affects many patients resistant to conventional treatments, leading to severe quality of life reduction and suicide risk.
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is emerging as a potential therapeutic option for these difficult-to-treat cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for treatment-resistant major depression.
  • To explore novel targets and applications of DBS in psychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Initial clinical studies involved DBS implantation in targets such as the subgenual cingulate gyrus (Cg25/24), anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), and nucleus accumbens (NAcc).
  • Patient outcomes, including antidepressant effects, social functioning, brain metabolism, and cognitive safety, were monitored.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 50% of patients demonstrated long-term antidepressant effects, enhanced social functioning, and normalized brain metabolism.
  • Cognitive safety concerning attention, learning, and memory was reported, though adverse events like wound infection and hypomania occurred.

Conclusions:

  • DBS shows preliminary encouraging results for treatment-resistant depression, with ongoing larger studies to validate findings.
  • Further research is exploring new DBS targets and its potential application in other psychiatric conditions, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols.