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Updated: May 7, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement
Published on: September 18, 2021
A model of memory impairment in schizophrenia: cognitive and clinical factors associated with memory efficiency and
Gildas Brébion1, Rodrigo A Bressan, Ruth I Ohlsen
1Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom; Unit of Research and Development, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Spain.
Background:
Memory impairments in patients with schizophrenia have been associated with various cognitive and clinical factors. Hallucinations have been more specifically associated with errors stemming from source monitoring failure.
Methods:
We conducted a broad investigation of verbal memory and visual memory as well as source memory functioning in a sample of patients with schizophrenia. Various memory measures were tallied, and we studied their associations with processing speed, working memory span, and positive, negative, and depressive symptoms.
Results:
Superficial and deep memory processes were differentially associated with processing speed, working memory span, avolition, depression, and attention disorders. Auditory/verbal and visual hallucinations were differentially associated with specific types of source memory error.
Conclusions:
We integrated all the results into a revised version of a previously published model of memory functioning in schizophrenia. The model describes the factors that affect memory efficiency, as well as the cognitive underpinnings of hallucinations within the source monitoring framework.
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