Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

5.3K
Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
5.3K
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

84
Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
84
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

160
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
160
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

350
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
350
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

129
Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
129
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

101
Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
101

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-term Outcomes of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Versus Surgery in Late Older Adult Patients Aged ≥75 Years With Early Gastric Cancer Meeting the Curative Resection Criteria.

Journal of gastric cancer·2026
Same author

Integrated analysis of gastric microbiome and clinical features for the diagnosis of gastric neoplasms.

Gut pathogens·2026
Same author

Age-Dependent Effects of Gastric Cancer Screening Endoscopy on Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Endoscopy·2026
Same author

Endoscopic treatment of anastomotic leakage after upper gastrointestinal surgery: endoscopic self-expandable metallic stent or endoscopic vacuum therapy?

Clinical endoscopy·2026
Same author

Positive Margins and Lymphovascular Invasion Represent Risk Factors for Remnant Tumor or Late Recurrence in Endoscopic or Local Resection of Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Digestion·2026
Same author

How to predict abnormal acid reflux: recent developments.

Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells
08:32

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

13.7K

Nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in functional dyspepsia.

Jae Myung Park1, Myong-Ki Baeg, Chul-Hyun Lim

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, # 505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.

Digestive Diseases and Sciences
|October 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variations in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are linked to functional dyspepsia (FD) susceptibility. This nNOS gene polymorphism also impacts how full FD patients feel after eating.

More Related Videos

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries
08:58

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

Published on: February 25, 2016

9.2K
Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
07:15

Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Published on: July 3, 2025

860

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells
08:32

Application of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Nitric Oxide (NO•) Probes, the geNOps, for Real-time Imaging of NO• Signals in Single Cells

Published on: March 16, 2017

13.7K
En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries
08:58

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

Published on: February 25, 2016

9.2K
Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
07:15

Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Published on: July 3, 2025

860

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Genetics
  • Nitric Oxide Signaling

Background:

  • Nitrinergic signaling plays a key role in regulating meal-induced satiety.
  • Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by persistent upper abdominal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between functional polymorphisms in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes and susceptibility to functional dyspepsia (FD).

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) polymorphisms in 89 FD patients and 180 healthy controls.
  • Assessment of dyspeptic symptoms and satiation scores following a standardized nutrition drink test.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in genotype frequencies were observed for eNOS and iNOS between FD patients and controls.
  • A significantly higher frequency of the T allele in the nNOS gene polymorphism was found in FD patients compared to controls (49% vs. 16%).
  • FD patients with the nNOS T allele reported significantly higher satiation scores during the nutrition drink test compared to those with the CC genotype.

Conclusions:

  • The nNOS gene polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to functional dyspepsia.
  • This specific nNOS polymorphism influences the perception of satiation in individuals with FD.
  • The findings highlight the role of NOS gene variations in the underlying mechanisms of FD.