On development of functional brain connectivity in the young brain

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Developmental Neuroscience
• Neuroimaging

Background:

• The human brain is a complex, interconnected network that develops from gestation through adulthood.
• Functional connectivity (FC) and brain network development are crucial for cognitive functions.
• Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is a key tool for studying brain development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review developmental changes in functional brain networks from 20 weeks of gestation onwards.
• To examine the emergence and maturation of resting-state networks (RSNs) using rs-fMRI data.
• To understand the timeline of network development, from early sensory/motor areas to higher-order cognitive regions.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of published resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies.
• Analysis of findings on functional connectivity (FC) changes in the developing brain.
• Focus on studies examining brain development from 20 weeks gestational age into childhood.

Main Results:

• Functional network development commences during gestation, establishing foundational RSNs.
• Visual and sensorimotor networks show early development.
• Other RSNs mature at varying rates, increasing in connectivity and size, with specialization occurring in childhood.

Conclusions:

• Brain functional networks develop progressively from gestation, with distinct timelines for different RSNs.
• Early-developing networks support basic functions, while later development supports complex cognition.
• Rs-fMRI provides valuable insights into the neurodevelopmental trajectory of functional brain organization.