Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

5.2K
The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
5.2K
Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation01:05

Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation

2.3K
In mass spectrometry, cycloalkanes exhibit distinct fragmentation patterns due to the inherent stability of their molecular ions compared to linear or branched alkanes. The ring structure of cycloalkanes provides additional stability to the molecular ions, often resulting in prominent ion peaks in the mass spectrum.
For example, cyclohexane molecular ions have a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 84, which tends to produce a stronger signal than linear alkanes like hexane. This stability comes from...
2.3K
Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkene Fragmentation00:54

Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkene Fragmentation

1.5K
The molecular ions of cycloalkenes undergo fragmentation via a retro-Diels–Alder reaction.
1.5K
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

16.0K
Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
16.0K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation00:59

Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation

3.8K
Alkenes lose one electron from the unsaturated π bond upon ionization and form stable molecular ions. Further fragmentation of alkenes occurs through three different reaction pathways. The most prominent fragmentation is the cleavage at the allylic position. The resultant allylic carbocation is resonance stabilized. In the mass spectra of terminal alkenes, this fragment appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 41. In the internal alkenes, where there are two choices of allylic cleavage, the...
3.8K
Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation01:29

Mass Spectrometry: Branched Alkane Fragmentation

1.7K
This lesson delves into the mass spectrometry of branched alkane fragmentation. Branched alkanes possess secondary or tertiary carbon atoms, which generate relatively stable carbocations if the cleavage occurs at the branching point. The high stability of carbocations drives the instant fragmentation of branched alkanes. Accordingly, the branched alkane's molecular ion peak is very weak or invisible in the mass spectra, especially in comparison to a linear alkane.
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Leveraging 13C-Labeling to Assign Molecular Formulas to Unknown Yeast Metabolites.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·2026
Same author

Mapping the mammalian dark metabolome by <i>in vivo</i> isotope tracing.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Language model-guided anticipation and discovery of mammalian metabolites.

Nature·2026
Same author

Transient absorption spectroscopy: a mechanistic tool for triplet sensitizers and their applications.

Chemical Society reviews·2026
Same author

Spatial metabolic gradients in the liver and small intestine.

Nature·2025
Same author

How Isomer and Conformer Structures Impact Dissociation Dynamics of Alkane Radical Cations.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2025
Same journal

Anharmonic phonons via quantum thermal bath simulations.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Quantum simulation of alignment dependent differential cross sections in co-propagating molecular beams at cold collision energies.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Non-additive ion effects on the coil-globule equilibrium of a generic polymer in aqueous salt solutions.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Insights into the unexpected small reduction of the temperature of maximum density of water by lithium chloride addition.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Optical frequency comb double-resonance spectroscopy of the 9030-9175 cm-1 states of ethylene.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Time reversal breaking of colloidal particles in cells.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

11.0K

Exploring control landscapes for laser-driven molecular fragmentation.

Katharine Moore Tibbetts1, Xi Xing, Herschel Rabitz

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum optimal control experiments benefit from favorable control landscapes. This study reveals similar landscape features across related halogenated hydrocarbons, even when resources are constrained.

More Related Videos

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

9.6K
Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown
09:40

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Published on: February 14, 2014

13.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

11.0K
Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

9.6K
Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown
09:40

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Published on: February 14, 2014

13.2K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum control
  • Physical chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Quantum optimal control (QOC) experiments rely on understanding control landscapes.
  • Control landscapes map physical objectives to control variables, like laser pulse properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore experimental control landscapes for dissociative ionization of halogenated hydrocarbons.
  • To investigate how resource constraints affect landscape topology.
  • To compare landscape features across chemically similar compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Mapping control landscapes using three spectral phase variables for ultrafast laser pulses.
  • Analyzing landscape topology for features like traps and optimal level sets.
  • Examining the impact of limited laser pulse energy on landscape structure.

Main Results:

  • Observed landscapes often lack suboptimal extrema (traps).
  • Identified connected optimal level sets, indicating continuous paths to optimal yields.
  • Limited laser pulse energy distorted landscape topology.
  • Diverse halogenated hydrocarbons exhibited similar control landscape features.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental control landscapes for dissociative ionization of halogenated hydrocarbons share common features.
  • Landscape topology is sensitive to resource constraints, particularly laser pulse energy.
  • Chemical similarity among compounds correlates with similar control landscape characteristics.