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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
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Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

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Bimodal immune activation in psoriasis.

E Christophers1, G Metzler, M Röcken

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University Clinics, Kiel, Germany.

The British Journal of Dermatology
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Psoriasis initiation involves early innate immune responses, including neutrophils and interleukin-1 (IL-1), followed by adaptive immunity. This bimodal immune activation explains varied therapeutic outcomes in psoriasis treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Immunodermatology
  • Autoinflammation and Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Psoriasis is a complex immune-mediated skin disease with diverse clinical presentations.
  • Early psoriatic lesions exhibit distinct histopathological features compared to stable plaques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the bimodal immune pathway in psoriasis initiation and progression.
  • To correlate early immune cell infiltration with clinical manifestations and therapeutic responses.

Main Methods:

  • Histopathological analysis of early and stable psoriatic lesions.
  • Immunological profiling focusing on innate immune cells, cytokines (e.g., IL-1), and T helper (Th) cell subsets (Th1, Th17).

Main Results:

  • Early psoriatic lesions show prominent innate immune cells (neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages) and IL-1-dependent Th17 cells.

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Isolation Protocol of Mouse Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Subsequent In Vitro Activation with Tumor Immune Complexes
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  • Stable plaques are characterized by Th1-dominated immunopathology with mononuclear cells and neutrophilic microabscesses (Munro microabscesses).
  • Neutrophilic infiltrates, observed in early lesions and nail pitting, suggest a critical role for IL-1-Th17 autoinflammation in psoriasis onset.

    • Conclusions:

    • Psoriasis pathogenesis involves a bimodal immune activation: initial autoinflammation (IL-1-Th17) followed by adaptive autoimmunity (Th1).
    • Understanding this bimodal pathway provides a framework for explaining variable treatment efficacies in psoriasis.