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Related Concept Videos

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
2.0K
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
1.1K
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

16.9K
Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

148
A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or...
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Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

79
Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
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Laryngopharyngeal reflux and GERD.

Nikki Johnston1, Peter W Dettmar2, Vicki Strugala2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) causes upper airway symptoms like chronic cough and hoarseness due to stomach contents flowing upward. This review covers LPR diagnosis, the role of pepsin in laryngeal cancer, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment.

Keywords:
diagnostic testslaryngeal cancerlarynopharyngeal refluxpepsinproton pump inhibitor

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is characterized by the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the upper aero-digestive tract.
  • LPR can manifest as extraesophageal symptoms such as chronic cough, hoarseness, indigestion, dysphagia, globus pharyngis, and asthma.
  • Understanding LPR is crucial for managing these diverse and often debilitating symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).
  • To discuss diagnostic approaches, including questionnaires and non-invasive tests like anti-human pepsin antibodies.
  • To explore the link between pepsin, acid, and laryngeal cancer etiology, and the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in LPR management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical practices related to LPR.
  • Commentary on diagnostic tools such as patient-completed questionnaires and serological markers (anti-human pepsin antibodies).
  • Analysis of the role of gastric components (pepsin and acid) in the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancers and the therapeutic application of PPIs.

Main Results:

  • Non-invasive diagnostic methods, including questionnaires and pepsin detection, aid in LPR diagnosis.
  • Pepsin and acid are implicated in the development of laryngeal cancers.
  • Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is a key treatment modality for LPR.

Conclusions:

  • LPR diagnosis can be supported by non-invasive techniques.
  • Pepsin's role in laryngeal carcinogenesis warrants further investigation.
  • PPI therapy remains a cornerstone in the effective management of LPR symptoms.