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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
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Adaptation and constraint in a stickleback radiation.

K L Voje1, A B Mazzarella, T F Hansen

  • 1Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Evolutionary constraints, not environmental factors, may shape threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) morphology in Norwegian lakes. This study suggests allometric scaling influences phenotypic diversity in these freshwater populations.

Keywords:
Gasterosteus aculeatusadaptationadaptive radiationallometryevolutionary constraintmorphometricsphylogenetic comparative method

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Ichthyology

Background:

  • Threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are a model organism for studying phenotypic radiation and parallel evolution in freshwater environments.
  • While numerous instances of parallel evolution are documented, the specific selective pressures driving these changes remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether evolutionary changes in stickleback morphology are driven by adaptations to physical lake parameters (depth, area, perimeter, shoreline complexity).
  • To explore the role of evolutionary constraints, specifically allometric scaling, in structuring phenotypic variation.
  • To test the hypothesis that lateral plate evolution is influenced by lake calcium levels.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative study of 74 threespine stickleback freshwater populations in Norway.
  • Analysis of morphological traits in relation to physical lake characteristics.
  • Assessment of phenotypic diversification patterns against allometric scaling predictions.
  • Examination of the correlation between lateral plate number and lake calcium concentration.

Main Results:

  • Weak evidence was found supporting adaptation to physical lake parameters as the primary driver of morphological evolution.
  • Phenotypic diversification in stickleback populations aligns with predictions from allometric scaling relationships.
  • No significant evidence was found for the influence of lake calcium levels on the evolution of lateral plate number.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary constraints, particularly allometric scaling, appear to play a significant role in shaping phenotypic variation in freshwater stickleback populations.
  • Environmental factors may not be the sole or primary drivers of morphological divergence in this system.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the interplay between constraints and selection in adaptive radiations.