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Streptogramins - two are better than one!

Yvonne Mast¹, Wolfgang Wohlleben¹

¹Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Fakultät für Biologie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.

International Journal of Medical Microbiology : IJMM

|October 15, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Streptogramins, last-resort antibiotics, combine two compounds for potent bactericidal activity. This review details their biosynthesis, regulation, and resistance mechanisms in natural producers.

Keywords:

4-N,N dimethylamino-N-methyl-l-phenylalanine AA-tRNA ABC ATP-binding cassette DMAPA FDA GBL LS(A)P MFS MLS(B)MRSA NRPS Nonribosomal peptide antibiotic PI PII PKS PP-tRNA PTC Polyketide Pristinamycin S(A)S(B)SARP Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory proteins Synergism The U.S. Food and Drug Administration VM VREF VRSA VS Virginiamycin WHO World Health Organization amino-acyl-tRNA lincosamide-streptogramin-pleuromutilin A macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B major facilitator superfamily antiporter methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nonribosomal peptide synthethase peptidyl transferase centre peptidyl-tRNA polyketide synthase pristinamycin I pristinamycin II streptogramin A streptogramin B vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus feacium vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus virginiamycin M virginiamycin S γ-butyrolactone

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Streptogramins are critical last-resort antibiotics effective against resistant pathogens.
They comprise two synergistic components: group A (macrolactones) and group B (cyclic hexadepsipeptides).
Their unique mode of action involves binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial translation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of recent advances in streptogramin research.
To focus on the biosynthesis, regulation, and resistance of pristinamycin and virginiamycin.
To explore their applications in medicine and the food industry.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on streptogramins.
Focus on well-studied representatives: pristinamycin and virginiamycin.
Analysis of gene clusters, regulatory systems, and resistance mechanisms.

Main Results:

Streptogramins exhibit synergistic bactericidal activity, up to 100-fold more potent than individual components.
Biosynthesis involves complex, hierarchically regulated gene clusters.
While resistance in pathogens is understood, producer strain self-protection mechanisms are less clear.

Conclusions:

Further research is needed to elucidate resistance mechanisms in natural streptogramin-producing strains.
Streptogramins remain vital therapeutic agents with significant industrial applications.
Understanding biosynthesis and regulation is key to optimizing their use.