[ESRD in children and adolescents]

This chapter provides indicators to describe the specificity of End Stage Renal Disease in children in France and to study these patients'outcome and the choices of treatment modalities. In 2011, the incidence and the prevalence of ESRD among patients under 20 years old remained stable at 8 and 53 pmp respectively. The first causes of ESDR remain uropathies and hypodysplasia followed by glomerulonephritis and genetic diseases. Considering the initial treatment, we found a high rate of hemodialysis and a low rate of peritoneal dialysis that is mainly used in younger children. In 2011, 31 preemptive transplantations were performed accounting for 27.7% of new patients. Finally, survival analysis confirm that younger children (under 4 years old) have the highest risk of death (88% survival rate at 2 years vs. 98% in patients over 4 years old) and that the treatment of choice remains the renal transplantation since it increases the expected remaining lifetime of 20 to 40 years depending on the considered age.