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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.5K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

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Getting rid of DNA methylation.

Francesco M Piccolo1, Amanda G Fisher1

  • 1Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.

Trends in Cell Biology
|October 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

DNA methylation is crucial for gene regulation and genome stability. This review explores how Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, initiating active DNA demethylation.

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mark, regulates gene expression and genome surveillance.
  • Conserved pathways for DNA methylation establishment and maintenance exist in plants and animals.
  • Mechanisms for DNA demethylation are diverse, involving both DNA synthesis-dependent (passive) and independent (active) processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding DNA demethylation mechanisms.
  • To discuss the role of Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes in DNA demethylation.
  • To explore the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in epigenetic regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on DNA demethylation.

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Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing
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Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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  • Analysis of research on Tet-mediated epigenetic modifications.
  • Discussion of experimental evidence for active and passive DNA demethylation pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes mediate the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC).
    • This conversion is implicated as a crucial step in initiating both active and passive DNA demethylation.
    • Recent progress highlights the significance of 5hmC in dynamic epigenetic regulation.

    Conclusions:

    • Tet-mediated hydroxylation of 5mC is a pivotal mechanism in DNA demethylation.
    • Understanding these pathways is essential for comprehending epigenetic control and its dysregulation.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the diverse mechanisms of DNA demethylation.