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In situ gelling systems: a strategy to improve the bioavailability of ophthalmic pharmaceutical formulations

Hugo Almeida1, Maria Helena Amaral1, Paulo Lobão1

  • 1Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Drug Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, N° 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.

Drug Discovery Today
|October 15, 2013
PubMed

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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