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Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

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Technical aspects of the Parkes error grid.

Andreas Pfützner1, David C Klonoff, Scott Pardo

  • 1IKFE-Institute for Clinical Research and Development, Parcusstr. 8, D-55116 Mainz, Germany. AndreasP@IKFE.de.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|October 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The Parkes error grid, crucial for blood glucose (BG) monitor accuracy, lacked precise mathematical specifications. This study provides exact grid details and discusses its application in new ISO guidelines for BG meter accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Devices
  • Diabetes Technology
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • The Parkes error grid, established in 1994 for blood glucose (BG) monitoring, lacked mathematically defined performance zone borders.
  • This ambiguity hindered precise replication and consistent application of the grid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the exact specifications of the original Parkes error grid for accurate replication.
  • To review the history and application of the Parkes error grid in BG monitor accuracy assessment.
  • To discuss the integration of the Parkes error grid into current and future regulatory standards.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of the Parkes error grid's development and use.
  • Detailed presentation of the grid's precise coordinates and specifications.
  • Analysis of the grid's role in the ISO 15197:2013 guideline for BG meter accuracy.

Main Results:

  • The ISO 15197:2013 guideline utilizes the Parkes error grid for assessing BG meter accuracy.
  • For regulatory purposes, the A zone of the error grid is expected to define acceptable accuracy for Type 1 diabetes management.

Conclusions:

  • The precise specifications of the Parkes error grid are now available for standardized application.
  • Future iterations of accuracy assessment grids, such as those under development by regulatory bodies, may evolve from the original Parkes error grid.