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Injectable foams for regenerative medicine.

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Summary

Injectable macroporous foams improve cell infiltration for tissue healing. Challenges remain in biocompatibility and in situ processing for widespread clinical use.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Injectable biomaterials like hydrogels and calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) often possess nanoscale pores, hindering cellular migration and proliferation.
  • Macroporosity is crucial for enhanced cellular infiltration and tissue regeneration, but conventional methods for creating macropores are incompatible with injectable applications.
  • Existing injectable foam technologies face challenges, including the biocompatibility of sacrificial pore-forming agents and the need for all components to be injectable and non-toxic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and challenges of designing injectable macroporous foams for enhanced tissue healing.
  • To highlight the adaptation of porogen leaching, gas foaming, and emulsion-templating for creating macroporous injectable materials.
  • To identify critical areas for future research, focusing on biocompatibility and in situ processing of injectable foams.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and emerging techniques for generating macroporosity in injectable biomaterials.
  • Analysis of processing conditions and their impact on the suitability of injectable foams.
  • Evaluation of biocompatibility and cytotoxicity considerations for in situ application.

Main Results:

  • Adaptation of techniques like porogen leaching, gas foaming, and emulsion-templating enables macropore formation in injectable CPCs, hydrogels, and polymers.
  • Injectable macroporous foams show promise in preclinical and some clinical evaluations.
  • Significant challenges persist regarding the biocompatibility and fate of sacrificial pore-forming agents used in situ.

Conclusions:

  • Injectable macroporous foams represent a significant advancement in biomaterial design for tissue regeneration.
  • Addressing biocompatibility and in situ processing challenges is critical for the clinical translation of these advanced materials.
  • Future research focusing on these challenges will likely expand the clinical impact of injectable foams, improving patient outcomes.