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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Bilinguals use language-specific articulatory settings.

Ian Wilson, Bryan Gick

    Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR
    |October 17, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Bilingual speakers perceived as native in both languages use distinct articulatory settings for each language. In bilingual mode, their speech posture matches their most used language, influencing native-like pronunciation.

    Area of Science:

    • Linguistics
    • Speech Science
    • Bilingualism Research

    Background:

    • Monolingual speakers exhibit distinct articulatory settings for French and English.
    • Articulatory settings are the underlying postures of speech production for a language.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate articulatory settings in bilingual speakers.
    • Test if bilinguals use distinct, language-specific settings in monolingual mode to sound native-like.
    • Determine if bilinguals' settings in bilingual mode match one of their monolingual settings.

    Main Methods:

    • Eight French-English bilinguals participated in the study.
    • Participants read 90 English and 90 French sentences.
    • Interspeech posture (ISP) was measured using optical tracking (lips, jaw) and ultrasound (tongue).

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    Main Results:

    • Bilinguals perceived as native in both languages showed distinct, language-specific ISPs.
    • Bilinguals not perceived as native did not exhibit distinct ISPs.
    • In bilingual mode, ISP matched the most used language's monolingual ISP.
    • A balanced bilingual showed language-specific lip and tongue-tip ISPs.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings support that native-like bilinguals possess distinct articulatory settings for each language.
    • Articulatory settings are crucial for achieving native-like proficiency in multiple languages.
    • Language dominance influences articulatory settings in bilingual speech production.