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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Hominoid humeral morphology: 3D morphometric analysis.

Trenton W Holliday1, Lukáš Friedl

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|October 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hominoid humerus shape varies due to both evolutionary history and how they move. While apes have bowed humeri for weight-bearing, humans have straighter shafts, reflecting locomotion differences.

Keywords:
allometryapeshumerusupper limb

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Humeral morphology in hominoids shows variations linked to evolutionary relationships and behaviors.
  • Understanding these variations is key to reconstructing hominoid locomotion and phylogeny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze three-dimensional humeral shape in hominoids using landmark data.
  • To determine the relative contributions of phylogenetic history versus locomotor adaptation to humeral shape variation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D landmark data from 19 humeral landmarks for hylobatids, Pongo, Homo, Pan, and Gorilla.
  • Applied Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to Procrustes shape data.
  • Conducted cluster analyses (minimum spanning tree, UPGMA dendrogram) to assess phylogenetic signals.

Main Results:

  • PC1 separated hylobatids and Pongo from African apes, related to humeral torsion and breadth.
  • PC2 distinguished Homo's straighter humeral shafts from the bowed shafts of apes (Pan, Pongo, Gorilla).
  • Cluster analyses confirmed strong phylogenetic signals in humeral shape.

Conclusions:

  • The bowed humeral shafts in apes are associated with weight-bearing during locomotion.
  • The straighter humeral shafts in Homo suggest adaptation to locomotion freed from weight-bearing.
  • Both phylogenetic history and locomotor adaptations significantly influence hominoid humeral morphology.