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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Modulation of functionally localized right insular cortex activity using real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback.

Brian D Berman¹, Silvina G Horovitz, Mark Hallett

¹Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA ; Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Bethesda, MD, USA.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

|October 18, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Healthy volunteers learned to modulate brain activity in the right insular cortex using real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback. While some brain regions showed increases, significant control over the targeted area required further training.

Keywords:

biofeedback insular cortex neural modulation real-time fMRI urges

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Medical Imaging

Background:

Volitional control of localized brain activity via neurofeedback is under active investigation.
Real-time functional MRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback shows potential for modulating brain activity, possibly for reducing urges.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if healthy volunteers can learn to control brain activity in the anterior right insular cortex (RIC) using visual feedback during rtfMRI.
To assess the effectiveness of rtfMRI neurofeedback for targeted brain modulation.

Main Methods:

Anterior RIC was functionally localized using a blink suppression task.
Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes in the RIC region of interest (ROI) were used for visual feedback.
Participants used emotional imagery to increase RIC activity during four feedback runs, with control and transfer runs assessing learning.

Main Results:

Group-level increased BOLD activity was observed in the anterior RIC during feedback runs, with significant ROI increase only in the second run (FB2).
Atlas-defined insular cortex ROIs showed significant bilateral increases across control and feedback runs, without lateralization.
Neurofeedback training led to increased functional connectivity between the RIC-ROI and the medial frontal gyrus from FB1 to FB4.

Conclusions:

While some insular cortex activity increased, consistent volitional control of the functionally defined RIC-ROI was not achieved within the training period.
Learning to control brain activity with rtfMRI neurofeedback may necessitate longer or repeated training sessions.