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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

In Situ Detection of Autoreactive CD4 T Cells in Brain and Heart Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers
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MHC Class II Polymorphisms, Autoreactive T-Cells, and Autoimmunity.

Sue Tsai1, Pere Santamaria

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes influence autoimmune diseases by shaping T-cell responses. This review reconciles how MHC alleles confer resistance or susceptibility, challenging current models of T-cell repertoire shaping.

Keywords:
MHC class IIT regulatory cellsautoimmune diseasesautoreactive T cellsresistance genessusceptibility genestype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, or human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, are key genetic factors in autoimmune diseases like Type 1 Diabetes.
  • Current understanding suggests MHC molecules influence autoimmune risk by shaping T-cell repertoires, promoting or preventing autoreactivity.
  • Disease-predisposing MHC alleles may allow autoreactive T-cells to survive central tolerance and develop pathogenic traits, while protective alleles promote their deletion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of MHC class II-associated mechanisms in autoimmune disease susceptibility and resistance.
  • To reconcile conflicting observations regarding MHC's role in autoimmunity, including dominant resistance in heterozygotes and the scale of autoreactive T-cell specificities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current advances in MHC class II and autoimmune disease research.
  • Analysis of existing data and theories on T-cell repertoire shaping and central tolerance.
  • Reconciliation of seemingly opposing concepts in MHC-associated autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • MHC genes are central to autoimmune disease genetic susceptibility.
  • Existing models face challenges explaining dominant resistance and the breadth of autoreactive T-cell responses.
  • New insights are needed to fully map MHC's role in autoimmune risk and resistance.

Conclusions:

  • The precise mechanisms by which MHC class II molecules influence autoimmune susceptibility and resistance require further elucidation.
  • Reconciling MHC's role in T-cell repertoire shaping with observed resistance patterns is crucial for understanding autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand how MHC alleles mediate autoimmune risk or protection.