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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology01:07

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Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...
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Pyloric Obstruction01:11

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Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
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Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction01:29

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction

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Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine that disrupts the normal flow of intestinal contents through the lumen. This interruption impairs digestion, absorption, and fluid balance, and may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.Mechanical ObstructionMechanical obstruction occurs when a physical blockage prevents intestinal contents from passing, arising from within the lumen or the bowel wall, or from external compression.Adhesions,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Author Spotlight: Alleviating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Safe and Effective Auricular Acupuncture
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Clinical update: vomiting in infants.

Jennifer Whinney1, Siba Prosad Paul, David C A Candy

  • 1University of Bristol.

Community Practitioner : the Journal of the Community Practitioners' & Health Visitors' Association
|October 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Infant vomiting is common, but serious causes require prompt referral. Community practitioners should identify

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Infant vomiting is a frequent clinical presentation.
  • Most cases stem from non-serious etiologies.
  • Serious underlying conditions necessitate timely intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the role of community practitioners in assessing infant vomiting.
  • To highlight critical 'red flag' symptoms indicating serious pathology.
  • To emphasize the importance of early referral for surgical causes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical guidelines and literature.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria for serious infant vomiting.
  • Emphasis on practitioner assessment for 'red flag' signs.

Main Results:

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  • Bilious vomiting is a key indicator of potential surgical emergencies.
  • Prompt assessment by pediatric/surgical teams is crucial for bilious vomiting.
  • Community practitioners play a vital role in initial evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition and referral of serious infant vomiting are essential.
  • Practitioners must be vigilant for 'red flag' symptoms.
  • Timely intervention improves outcomes for infants with serious vomiting causes.