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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction01:30

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

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Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
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Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

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Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
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Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

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Thromboembolism risk following recurrent miscarriage.

Maria Á Martínez-Zamora1, Ricard Cervera, Juan Balasch

  • 1Institut Clínic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Faculty of Medicine - University of Barcelona. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). Barcelona, Spain.

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
|October 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy increases clotting risk due to hypercoagulability. Women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) and thrombophilia face long-term risks, including heart disease, necessitating thromboprophylaxis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
05:16

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

3.2K

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Hematology
  • Cardiovascular Health

Background:

  • Normal pregnancy induces hypercoagulability, increasing thrombotic risk by 4-10 fold.
  • This hypercoagulability may be an evolutionary adaptation to hemochorial placentation, unique to humans.
  • Thrombophilic factors can cause arterial/venous thrombosis and are linked to pregnancy complications like recurrent miscarriage (RM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the thromboembolic risk in nonpregnant women with recurrent miscarriage (RM).
  • To discuss the implications of various thrombophilic states in RM patients.
  • To emphasize the need for thromboprophylaxis in specific RM patient subgroups.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hemostasis during pregnancy.
  • Analysis of thrombotic risk factors in women with recurrent miscarriage.
  • Evaluation of the association between thrombophilia, antiphospholipid antibodies, and long-term health outcomes.

Main Results:

  • A prothrombotic state is observed in a subgroup of women with RM, persisting post-pregnancy.
  • Antiphospholipid antibodies, not genetic defects, are key predictors of future thrombotic events in RM patients with cardiovascular risk factors.
  • Hypercoagulability in RM patients may increase the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease.

Conclusions:

  • Nonpregnant RM patients with thrombophilic conditions face significant thromboembolic risks.
  • The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies is a critical determinant of future thrombotic events.
  • Thromboprophylaxis is indicated for selected nonpregnant RM patients to mitigate long-term cardiovascular risks.