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Related Concept Videos

Polar Coordinates01:24

Polar Coordinates

689
The polar coordinate system offers an alternative to the Cartesian coordinate system for specifying points in a plane, using a distance and an angle instead of x and y coordinates. This system is particularly advantageous in situations involving circular or rotational symmetry, such as in physics or engineering problems involving waves, oscillations, or orbital paths.Defining Polar CoordinatesIn polar coordinates, a point is represented as P(r, ��), where r is the radial distance...
689
Graphs of Polar Equations01:17

Graphs of Polar Equations

523
The polar coordinate system represents points using a distance from a central point (the pole) and an angle from a reference direction (the polar axis). Unlike rectangular coordinates, polar coordinates are ideal for graphing curves with radial symmetry or periodic behavior.Some general forms of graphs in polar coordinates include the following:Equation of a Circle (Centered at the Pole):A graph where the radius remains constant for all angles traces a circle centered at the pole:Equation of a...
523
Polar and Cylindrical Coordinates01:22

Polar and Cylindrical Coordinates

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The Cartesian coordinate system is a very convenient tool to use when describing the displacements and velocities of objects and the forces acting on them. However, it becomes cumbersome when we need to describe the rotation of objects. So, when describing rotation, the polar coordinate system is generally used.
14.7K
Curvilinear Motion: Polar Coordinates01:27

Curvilinear Motion: Polar Coordinates

1.2K
In polar coordinates, the motion of a particle follows a curvilinear path. The radial coordinate symbolized as 'r,' extends outward from a fixed origin to the particle, while the angular coordinate, 'θ,' measured in radians, represents the counterclockwise angle between a fixed reference line and the radial line connecting the origin to the particle.
The particle's location is described using a unit vector along the radial direction. Deriving the particle's position...
1.2K
Magnetic Declination01:19

Magnetic Declination

797
Magnetic declination is the angle between true north, which aligns with the Earth's rotational axis, and magnetic north, which follows the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. This discrepancy exists because the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic poles. The value of magnetic declination depends on the observer's location on Earth and is subject to changes over time due to the dynamic nature of the Earth's magnetic field.The declination is called eastern when magnetic north...
797
Meridians01:28

Meridians

1.1K
In surveying, meridians are vital reference lines to measure directions and establish accurate land orientations. Meridians run from the north to the south poles, providing a stable framework for angular measurements and mapping. Meridians are fundamental in survey design, with the primary types being astronomic, magnetic, and assumed meridians. Each type offers distinct benefits and limitations, selected based on the project's scale and precision needs.The astronomic meridian is aligned with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Remote Magnetic Navigation for Accurate, Real-time Catheter Positioning and Ablation in Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures
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A new route for polar navigation.

Lori L Burrows1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Rm 4H18, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S4K1.

Molecular Microbiology
|October 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a new bacterial system, Poc (polar organelle co-ordinator), that controls the positioning of flagella and pili. This finding offers a new perspective on how bacteria organize their motility structures.

Area of Science:

  • Bacteriology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Microbial Engineering

Background:

  • Polar localization of bacterial motility structures is crucial for function.
  • Existing mechanisms for protein localization are not fully understood.
  • Rod-shaped bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess polar flagella and pili.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms governing the polar localization of the flagellum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • To identify novel components involved in the spatial organization of bacterial appendages.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the positioning of the polar flagellum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • Identified a novel membrane-bound three-component system.
  • Characterized the function of this new system in relation to flagellar and pilus localization.

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Main Results:

  • Discovered a new membrane-bound three-component system, named Poc (polar organelle co-ordinator).
  • The Poc complex controls the polar localization of both flagella and type IV pili.
  • Poc is not located at the poles but is required for increased pilus gene expression upon surface association.

Conclusions:

  • The Poc complex represents a novel mechanism for controlling polar localization of bacterial organelles.
  • This discovery suggests a new paradigm for localization control in bacteria, independent of direct polar presence.
  • Poc's role in surface-associated gene expression indicates a link between environmental cues and organelle organization.