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Related Concept Videos

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

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Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

3.9K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
3.9K
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

3.1K
Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
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Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

3.4K
The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy...
3.4K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

4.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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[Impact of the decrease of nitrous oxide use on the consumption of halogenated agents].

F Laverdure1, A Gaudin, J-L Bourgain

  • 1Service d'anesthésie et département de pharmacie clinique, institut Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Edouard-Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif cedex, France.

Annales Francaises D'Anesthesie Et De Reanimation
|October 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) use in anesthesia decreased N2O consumption but increased halogenated agent use. Overall costs remained stable, highlighting the ecological benefits of reduced N2O despite increased anesthetic agent expenses.

Keywords:
Agents halogénésAnesthesia costCoûts anesthésieHalogenated agentsNitrous oxidePollutionProtoxyde d’azote

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Environmental Health
  • Pharmacoeconomics

Background:

  • Nitrous oxide (N2O) use in anesthesia is increasingly restricted due to toxicity and environmental pollution concerns.
  • Reducing N2O consumption is expected to correlate with increased use of other inhaled anesthetic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the changes in consumption and costs of halogenated agents (HA) and N2O over five years following a reduction in N2O usage.
  • To evaluate the economic and environmental impact of decreased N2O administration in a clinical setting.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of 34,097 procedures conducted between 2006 and 2010.
  • Data on hypnotic agent consumption (mL) and costs were collected from a computerized database and hospital pharmacy records.
  • Annual consumption was calculated per procedure after implementing educational initiatives on N2O risks.

Main Results:

  • Nitrous oxide consumption per anesthesia significantly decreased from 75.1 L to 22.7 L.
  • Sevoflurane consumption increased by 25% (16.5 to 20.6 mL) and desflurane by 37% (46.1 to 63.1 mL).
  • Despite increased halogenated agent costs, the overall cost of anesthetic agents remained stable due to reduced N2O expenses.

Conclusions:

  • A reduction in N2O consumption directly impacts the usage of halogenated agents.
  • The cost savings from decreased N2O use were offset by increased costs of halogenated agents, maintaining stable overall expenditure.
  • The ecological benefits of reduced N2O emissions can be quantified, suggesting a positive environmental outcome.