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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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A new method of topical anesthesia by using anesthetic solution in a patch.

Shun Nakamura1, Nobuyuki Matsuura, Tatsuya Ichinohe

  • 1Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.

Journal of Endodontics
|October 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary

An adhesive patch with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride effectively reduced needle insertion pain in oral mucosa anesthesia. This topical anesthesia method may be superior to conventional approaches for dental procedures.

Keywords:
Adultbenzocainelidocainemouth mucosapainpain threshold

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Investigating topical anesthesia for oral mucosa using an adhesive patch with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride.
  • Assessing pain reduction during dental procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a novel adhesive patch for topical oral mucosal anesthesia.
  • To compare lidocaine hydrochloride with and without epinephrine, ethyl aminobenzoate, and saline.

Main Methods:

  • Randomized crossover study with 20 healthy volunteers.
  • Adhesive patches or cotton balls with tested agents applied to the gingivobuccal fold.
  • Needle insertion pain assessed via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and verbal rating scale.

Main Results:

  • Lower VAS scores and higher analgesia efficacy with 33-gauge vs. 30-gauge needles across all treatments.
  • Lidocaine groups demonstrated significantly lower VAS and higher efficacy compared to other agents.
  • Epinephrine addition did not improve lidocaine's anesthetic effect.

Conclusions:

  • Topical mucosal anesthesia using an adhesive patch with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride is a simple and effective method.
  • This patch-based approach may offer advantages over conventional topical anesthesia techniques.