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Related Concept Videos

Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Chirality02:25

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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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Chirality in Nature02:30

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Chromatographic Methods: Classification01:12

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Chromatographic techniques are classified in three ways: the classification is based on the physical state of the stationary and mobile phases, how the mobile phase and the stationary phase contact each other, or through the chemical or physical processes that isolate the components of the sample. Typically, the mobile phase is either a liquid or gas, while the stationary phase is either a solid or a liquid layer applied to a solid surface.
Chromatographic techniques are typically named by...
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Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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Flow methods in chiral analysis.

Marek Trojanowicz1, Marzena Kaniewska

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-145 Warsaw, Poland.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|October 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Separating and analyzing optically active compounds, like enantiomers, relies on chiral selectors. Advanced methods like chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, along with biosensors, enable precise isomer determination.

Keywords:
BiosensorsChiralityFlow analysisImmunoassaysPiezoelectric detectionSurface-plasmon resonance detection

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chiral Separations
  • Biosensing

Background:

  • Optically active compounds, including enantiomers, possess nearly identical physicochemical properties, complicating their separation and analysis.
  • Traditional methods often struggle with the precise differentiation of stereoisomers due to their subtle differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current methods for the separation and analytical determination of individual isomers based on optical activity.
  • To highlight the role of chiral selectors in differentiating enantiomers in various analytical techniques.

Main Methods:

  • High-performance separation techniques: Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with chiral stationary phases or mobile phase additives.
  • Electromigration techniques: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) utilizing chiral selectors.
  • Sensor-based approaches: Chemical sensors and biosensors designed for optically active compounds.

Main Results:

  • Chiral selectors are crucial for differentiating enantiomers in steady-state or dynamic flow systems.
  • Successful isomer determinations leverage immunochemical interactions, enzymatic enantioselectivity, ion-channel receptors, and molecularly imprinted polymers.
  • Dynamic flow conditions enhance kinetic differences, improving enantiomer signal differentiation with techniques like surface-plasmon resonance, piezoelectric, spectroscopic, and electrochemical detections.

Conclusions:

  • Effective chiral selectors are essential for the accurate analytical determination of optical isomers.
  • Advanced separation and detection methods, particularly under dynamic flow conditions, offer enhanced capabilities for enantiomer analysis.
  • The integration of various interaction principles with sophisticated detection technologies provides powerful tools for chiral compound analysis.