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Related Concept Videos

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Glandular Epithelium01:20

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The glandular epithelium is made of one or more epithelial cells modified to synthesize and secrete chemical substances. Glandular epithelia can be classified based on cell number. Unicellular glands have individual secretory cells scattered across the epithelial monolayer. In contrast, multicellular glands consist of a hollow tubular duct attached to the cluster of secretory cells located in the deep pockets.
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Related Experiment Video

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Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells
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Enteroendocrine cell types revisited.

Maja S Engelstoft1, Kristoffer L Egerod, Mari L Lund

  • 1Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Current Opinion in Pharmacology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract regulates metabolism via peptide hormones from enteroendocrine cells. Understanding these cells

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation through peptide hormones.
  • Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) within the gut mucosa secrete these metabolic hormones.
  • Recent advancements in transgenic reporter mice have enabled detailed characterization of EECs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the co-expression patterns of hormones within intestinal EECs.
  • To explore the potential for controlling hormone secretion and EEC populations.
  • To deepen the understanding of factors governing EEC differentiation and gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing transgenic reporter mouse models.
  • Characterizing biochemical and cell biological properties of EECs.
  • Analyzing hormone co-expression in intestinal EECs.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated surprisingly broad co-expression of six functionally related hormones in intestinal EECs.
  • Indicated the feasibility of controlling both hormone secretion and EEC type/number.
  • Highlighted the need for further research into EEC differentiation and renewal.

Conclusions:

  • The co-expression of hormones in EECs offers potential targets for metabolic control.
  • Further understanding of EEC development from progenitor cells is essential for therapeutic applications.
  • Future research should focus on the molecular mechanisms regulating EEC specification and renewal.