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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Brain Ventricular Microinjections of Lipopolysaccharide into Larval Zebrafish to Assess Neuroinflammation and Neurotoxicity
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Steroids in neuroinfection.

Ronaldo Abraham

    Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria
    |October 22, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Steroids can reduce mortality and hearing loss in bacterial meningitis and other inflammatory brain infections. While beneficial in many cases, their effectiveness varies, with no proven benefit in certain opportunistic infections like neurotoxoplasmosis.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Inflammatory responses significantly contribute to mortality and morbidity in bacterial meningitis.
    • Early steroid administration in bacterial meningitis is associated with reduced mortality, hearing loss, and improved functional outcomes.
    • Steroid recommendations for pneumococcal meningitis are expanding to other bacterial meningitis forms, including tuberculous meningitis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the evidence for steroid use in various central nervous system infections.
    • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of steroids in bacterial meningitis, neurocysticercosis, neuroschistosomiasis, herpes simplex encephalitis, and opportunistic infections in AIDS patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review and analysis of existing studies on steroid therapy in CNS infections.

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  • Assessment of clinical outcomes, mortality rates, and side effects associated with steroid use.

    • Main Results:

    • Steroids are beneficial in bacterial meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, neurocysticercosis, and neuroschistosomiasis.
    • Evidence supporting steroid use in herpes simplex encephalitis is inconclusive.
    • Steroids are safe but show no definite benefit in neurotoxoplasmosis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Early steroid intervention is crucial for improving outcomes in bacterial meningitis.
    • Steroids offer significant therapeutic value in several parasitic and bacterial CNS infections.
    • Further research is needed to clarify the role of steroids in certain viral and opportunistic infections.