[Neonatal hyperthyroidism: a case report and literature review]

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Neonatology
• Pediatric Pulmonology

Background:

• Graves' disease in pregnant mothers can lead to neonatal hyperthyroidism.
• Neonatal hyperthyroidism presents with distinct clinical features requiring prompt recognition.

Observation:

• A 35-week premature male infant born to a mother with Graves' disease developed fever, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
• The infant progressed to severe apnea by day 14, indicating respiratory compromise.
• Thyroid function tests confirmed hyperthyroidism in the neonate.

Findings:

• Literature review of 33 similar cases identified tachycardia, tachypnea, and poor weight gain as key indicators of congenital hyperthyroidism.
• Concurrent respiratory failure was a critical complication in the reported case.

Implications:

• Accurate maternal diagnosis of Graves' disease during pregnancy is crucial for anticipating neonatal risks.
• Awareness of neonatal hyperthyroidism's clinical presentation aids in preventing missed or incorrect diagnoses.
• Timely intervention is essential for managing respiratory failure and other complications in affected infants.