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Related Concept Videos

Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

4.8K
Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
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Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Basicity of Aromatic Amines01:18

Basicity of Aromatic Amines

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The basicity of aromatic amines is much weaker than that of aliphatic amines due to the involvement of the lone pair of electrons over the N atom in resonance with the aryl rings. Generally, the electron-donating ability of any substituents on the aryl ring of aromatic amines increases the basicity of the amine by increasing electron density, and hence the availability of lone pair on the nitrogen. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing functional groups on the aryl ring of amines decrease the...
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Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

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Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates...
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Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines01:10

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

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The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials
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Aliphatic polyamines in physiology and diseases.

D Ramani1, J P De Bandt1, L Cynober1

  • 1EA 4466, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Clinical Chemistry Department, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, APHP, Paris, France.

Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)
|October 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Aliphatic polyamines, including putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are crucial for cell proliferation and are implicated in cancer. Agmatine, another polyamine, shows neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system.

Keywords:
AgmatineCancerDFMOODCPutrescineS-adenosyl-S-methyl homocysteamineS-adenosylmethionineSAMSAM decarboxylaseSAMHCSAMdcSSATSpermidineSperminedifluoromethylornithineornithine decarboxylasespermidine/spermine acetyltransferase

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Aliphatic polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) are vital for cellular functions, including DNA stabilization and cell proliferation.
  • These molecules are essential in rapidly dividing cells and play a role in carcinogenesis, making polyamine metabolism a target for cancer therapy.
  • Agmatine, a recently identified polyamine, acts as a neurotransmitter and exhibits neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse roles of aliphatic polyamines in cellular processes.
  • To highlight the involvement of polyamines in cell proliferation, cancer, and neuroprotection.
  • To underscore the significance of polyamine metabolism research in therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of polyamine functions.
  • Analysis of polyamine involvement in cell metabolism and disease.
  • Examination of agmatine's role in the central nervous system.

Main Results:

  • Polyamines are critical regulators of DNA, gene expression, and ion channels, particularly impacting cell proliferation.
  • Dysregulation of polyamine homeostasis is linked to cancer development.
  • Agmatine demonstrates potential as a neuroprotective agent.

Conclusions:

  • Aliphatic polyamines are fundamental to cell function and proliferation, with implications in cancer and neurological processes.
  • Targeting polyamine metabolism offers a promising avenue for cancer therapy.
  • Agmatine's neuroprotective role warrants further investigation for central nervous system disorders.