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Social Loafing01:37

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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The Contractile Ring02:15

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Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
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π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

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In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as...
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Heart Sounds01:15

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Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
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Schemas01:42

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Aortic Ring Assay
09:12

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Richard Schatzki: a familiar ring.

Birju Patel1, Eugene Han, Kenneth Swan

  • 11 All authors: Department of Surgery, Rutgers University/NJMS, University Hospital, 150 Bergen St, E-401, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ 07101-1709.

AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
|October 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The Schatzki ring, a radiologic finding, was named after its describer, Richard Schatzki. Despite its long history, the exact cause of the Schatzki ring remains poorly understood.

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Medical History

Background:

  • The Schatzki ring is a well-known finding in radiology, named after radiologist Richard Schatzki.
  • This article aims to provide historical context and explore developments related to this significant radiologic entity.

Discussion:

  • The etiology of the Schatzki ring has been a subject of interest since its initial description.
  • Despite extensive research, the precise cause of the Schatzki ring remains elusive.

Key Insights:

  • The Schatzki ring was first described by Richard Schatzki and John E. Gary.
  • Understanding the historical context of the Schatzki ring is crucial for appreciating current research.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying causes of the Schatzki ring.

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  • Continued investigation into the Schatzki ring may reveal new diagnostic or therapeutic approaches.