Health effects of diesel exhaust. A contemporary air pollution issue

Extracts of diesel exhaust particles are mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian cell assays; they contain hundreds of identifiable organic compounds, some of which are known mutagens and carcinogens. The particles are readily respired and about 20% to 30% of them are deposited in the pulmonary region, where they are retained for long periods. At low diesel exhaust concentrations, typical of those likely for human exposure, particle deposition and clearance rates are essentially normal and particle concentrations in the pulmonary region are expected to remain quite low. At very high concentrations of diesel exhaust, clearance processes may be overwhelmed and lung burdens of particles may continue to increase over long periods. Evidence from laboratory animals suggests that pulmonary injury and reduced respiratory function would occur in humans at these high concentrations. Epidemiologic data and laboratory studies appear to indicate that the human lung cancer risk from exposure to diesel exhaust would be quite low, even if use of diesel vehicles increased substantially.