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Environmental risk factors for autism.

Rodney R Dietert1, Janice M Dietert, Jamie C Dewitt

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; rrd1@cornell.edu.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk is influenced by environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors, with critical developmental windows needing identification. Further research and safety testing are crucial for understanding and reducing autism risk.

Keywords:
autismautism spectrum disorderscritical windows of developmentdevelopmental neurotoxicity testingdrugsenvironmental chemicalsinfectionsstressorsvaccinations

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Pediatric health
  • Environmental health

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence has increased, raising social concern.
  • ASD is increasingly recognized as a condition with fetal origins, influenced by multiple factors.
  • Understanding developmental vulnerability is key to identifying autism risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of autism risk factors.
  • To highlight the need for identifying critical windows of developmental vulnerability.
  • To emphasize the importance of further research and safety testing for risk reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing human and animal research on autism risk factors.
  • Analysis of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic influences.
  • Assessment of current research and safety testing limitations.

Main Results:

  • Autism risk is multifactorial, involving environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors, with potential transgenerational effects.
  • No single environmental factor explains the rise in autism prevalence; many significant factors remain unidentified.
  • Identified risk factors include drugs, environmental chemicals, infectious agents, diet, and stressors.

Conclusions:

  • Additional focused research is essential to identify more autism risk factors.
  • Current identification rates of environmental risk factors lag behind the growing health threat.
  • Effective autism risk reduction necessitates enhanced developmental safety testing of drugs and chemicals.