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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury
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On the maxillary nerve.

Hiroki Higashiyama1, Shigeru Kuratani

  • 1Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.

Journal of Morphology
|October 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The vertebrate trigeminal nerve

Keywords:
cranial nervespharyngeal archestrigeminal nervevertebrates

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is crucial for vertebrate head development.
  • Its maxillary nerve (V2) typically innervates the upper jaw, but developmental origins are complex.
  • Discrepancies exist between trigeminal innervation and upper jaw developmental sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary history of the trigeminal nerve's innervation pattern.
  • To reconcile the apparent mismatch between trigeminal nerve anatomy and upper jaw development in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes).

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of embryonic trigeminal nerve development across diverse gnathostome species.
  • Examination of cranial nerve branching patterns in relation to embryonic facial prominences.

Main Results:

  • Most studied gnathostomes show the maxillary nerve branching to innervate medial nasal prominence derivatives (premaxilla).
  • This premandibular branch is also present in cyclostomes, suggesting it's an ancestral trait.
  • Diapsid species were an exception, showing a loss of this branch.

Conclusions:

  • The ancestral vertebrate maxillomandibular nerve likely included a premandibular branch.
  • This branch's presence is a plesiomorphic (ancestral) condition for gnathostomes, secondarily lost in some lineages.
  • The palatoquadrate component of the maxillary nerve (V2) is an apomorphic (derived) trait linked to upper jaw evolution.