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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Using a Combination of Indirect Calorimetry, Infrared Thermography, and Blood Glucose Levels to Measure Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Humans
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Hyperthyroidism increases brown fat metabolism in humans.

Minna Lahesmaa1, Janne Orava, Camilla Schalin-Jäntti

  • 1Turku PET Centre (M.L., J.O., M.S., J.C.H., A.K., K.A.V., P.N.), University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Division of Endocrinology (C.S.-J.), Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Endocrinology (M.S., P.J.) and Department of Nuclear Medicine (T.N.), Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Investigative Radiology (H.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan; Department of Medical Physics (N.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 760-0016, Japan; and Medical Genetics (S.E.), Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 411 37 Gothenburg, Sweden.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hyperthyroidism significantly increases glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle in humans. These metabolic changes, including higher energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, are reversible upon returning to a euthyroid state.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Nuclear Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are key regulators of brown adipose tissue (BAT) development and function.
  • In rodents, thyroid hormones are known to up-regulate BAT metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of hyperthyroidism on BAT metabolism in humans.
  • To assess glucose uptake and perfusion in various tissues during hyperthyroidism.

Main Methods:

  • Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was used to measure glucose uptake (GU) and perfusion.
  • Key tissues studied included BAT, skeletal muscle, and thyroid gland.
  • Energy expenditure and lipid oxidation rates were also measured.

Main Results:

  • Hyperthyroid patients exhibited 3-fold higher BAT GU compared to healthy controls.
  • Skeletal muscle GU, energy expenditure, and lipid oxidation rates were significantly elevated in hyperthyroid individuals.
  • These metabolic alterations were reversible after achieving euthyroidism.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperthyroidism enhances glucose uptake in BAT independent of perfusion.
  • Hyperthyroid patients demonstrate increased skeletal muscle metabolism and lipid oxidation.
  • Thyroid hormone levels directly correlate with energy expenditure and lipid oxidation rates.