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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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[Rhabdoviruses].

Akira Nishizono1, Kentaro Yamada

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Summary
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This review explores Rhabdoviridae, a diverse RNA virus family infecting many organisms. It focuses on the virology of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV), known for causing encephalitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Context:

  • Rhabdoviridae is an ecologically diverse RNA virus family.
  • Members infect a wide range of hosts.
  • Genome size ranges from 11-16 kb with a specific gene order (3'-N-P-M-G-L-5').

Purpose:

  • To review the virological features of the Rhabdoviridae family.
  • To highlight studies on prototype viruses: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV).

Summary:

  • Rhabdoviridae possess non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes.
  • The Lyssavirus genus, including RABV, causes fatal encephalitis in mammals and chiropterans via bite exposure.
  • Knowledge is largely based on VSV and RABV research.

Impact:

  • Provides a foundational understanding of Rhabdoviridae.
  • Highlights the significance of VSV and RABV in virological research.
  • Informs studies on viral pathogenesis and host interactions.