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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment
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[Arenavirus infections].

Hideki Tani1, Shuetsu Fukushi, Tomoki Yoshikawa

  • 1Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases.

Uirusu
|October 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Arenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fevers globally. This review covers arenavirus research, diagnostics, and vaccine development, crucial for disease control even in non-endemic regions.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Arenaviruses (family Arenaviridae) are known to cause severe viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF).
  • Several arenaviruses, including Lassa virus and South American variants, pose significant public health risks.
  • These are category 1 pathogens requiring BSL4 laboratory handling.

Purpose:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of arenavirus diseases.
  • To discuss current knowledge from basic research to clinical applications.
  • To highlight the need for diagnostics and therapeutics development.

Summary:

  • This review explores arenavirus basic research, diagnostics, and vaccine development.
  • It addresses the potential for imported VHF cases, emphasizing the need for preparedness.
  • Recent discoveries like Lujo virus underscore the evolving threat of arenaviruses.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

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Impact:

  • Informs the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for arenavirus diseases.
  • Enhances understanding of VHF pathogens and their global health implications.
  • Supports preparedness strategies for potential imported cases in disease-free countries.