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Related Concept Videos

Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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Principal component analysis in construction of 3D human knee joint models using a statistical shape model method.

Tsung-Yuan Tsai1, Jing-Sheng Li, Shaobai Wang

  • 1a Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 55 Fruit Street, GRJ-1215, Boston , MA 02114 , USA.

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering
|October 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The statistical shape model (SSM) method accurately reconstructs 3D knee models from 2D images. This efficient technique achieves sub-millimeter accuracy, aiding computer-assisted knee surgeries.

Keywords:
3D knee modelfluoroscopic imageskneestatistical shape model

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Statistical Shape Models (SSM) are used to predict 3D knee joint surfaces from 2D images.
  • Previous studies have explored this methodology, but real-time accuracy and efficiency require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct and analyze a Statistical Shape Model (SSM) database from 152 human CT knee models.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the SSM method in predicting 3D knee joint surfaces from 2D bi-plane fluoroscopic images.

Main Methods:

  • A database of 152 human CT knee joint models (femur, tibia, patella) was created.
  • Principal component analysis was performed on the SSM database.
  • 3D knee joint surface models were predicted using the SSM from 2D bi-plane fluoroscopic images of two in vivo knees.

Main Results:

  • The predicted 3D knee surfaces showed sub-millimeter differences compared to CT-based models: femur (0.30 ± 0.81 mm), tibia (0.34 ± 0.79 mm), and patella (0.36 ± 0.59 mm).
  • Computational time for predicting each bone's model was under 30 seconds on a personal computer.
  • The SSM demonstrated high accuracy and real-time prediction capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The SSM method is a valuable tool for constructing accurate 3D knee surface models in real time.
  • The sub-millimeter accuracy and speed suggest broad applicability in computer-assisted knee surgeries.
  • This method holds potential for improving surgical planning and execution in orthopedics.