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Related Concept Videos

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Opioids as Antidiarrheal Agents01:17

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Diarrhea, a condition marked by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, can be triggered by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, anxiety, medications, and digestive disorders. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and cramping. Severe or prolonged diarrhea can lead to complications like electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and dehydration if left untreated.
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Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Acupoint Application Combined with Acupressure as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
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Opioid induced nausea and vomiting.

Howard S Smith1, Andras Laufer1

  • 1Albany Medical College, Department of Anesthesiology, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-131, Albany, NY 12208, USA.

European Journal of Pharmacology
|October 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) is a common side effect in palliative care. Current strategies may help reduce the frequency and intensity of this adverse effect.

Keywords:
AntagonistsMoxduoNK-1NauseaOlanzapineOpioidsTapentadolVomiting

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Area of Science:

  • Palliative Care Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Opioids are essential analgesics for pain management in palliative care.
  • Opioid use is frequently associated with adverse effects, including nausea, vomiting, and retching.
  • Opioid-induced nausea/vomiting (OINV) significantly impacts patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current strategies for mitigating opioid-induced nausea/vomiting (OINV).
  • To discuss the challenges and potential future directions in managing OINV.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing therapeutic approaches for OINV.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and limitations of current management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Nausea and vomiting remain a significant challenge for patients receiving opioid therapy.
  • Several potential strategies exist to diminish the frequency and/or intensity of OINV.
  • Future combination agents may offer improved management of OINV.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of OINV is crucial for improving patient outcomes in palliative care.
  • Further research into novel therapeutic strategies is warranted.
  • Addressing OINV is essential for optimizing opioid analgesia.