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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
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Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) enables us to predict the molecular structure around a central atom from an examination of the number of bonds and lone electron pairs in its Lewis structure. The VSEPR model assumes that electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between these electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The electrons in the valence shell of a central atom form either bonding...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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Indeterminate Structure

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Indeterminate structures refer to structures where internal forces and reactions cannot be determined using only the equations of static equilibrium.  Indeterminate structures have more unknown forces and reaction forces than equations of static equilibrium that can be used to determine them. Indeterminate structures are often used in engineering to create complex, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing structures. There are various types of indeterminate structures used in engineering and...
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Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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[Sub-field imaging spectrometer design based on Offner structure].

Cong-Jun Wu1, Chang-Xiang Yan, Wei Liu

  • 1Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China. wucongjun789@163.com

Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
|October 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new design for space-based imaging spectrometers, achieving a wider field of view and high resolution for remote sensing applications. The optimized design meets critical miniaturization and lightweight requirements for space missions.

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Engineering
  • Spectroscopy
  • Remote Sensing

Context:

  • Space-based imaging spectrometers require miniaturization, lightweight designs, and large fields of view.
  • Existing Offner structure designs present limitations for these demanding space applications.

Purpose:

  • To develop a novel optical design for an imaging spectrometer suitable for space applications.
  • To address the need for miniaturized, lightweight instruments with a large field of view.

Summary:

  • A new imaging spectrometer design utilizing a concave grating and optical fiber image transfer was developed.
  • The system achieves a 4.3-degree total field of view, 0.4-1.0 micrometer wavelength range, and 5 nm spectral resolution.
  • Optimized using ZEMAX, the design offers high resolution (5 m field resolution) and excellent optical performance (MTF > 0.62 at 28 lp/mm).

Impact:

  • The designed imaging spectrometer offers a field of view approximately three times larger than similar instruments currently used in space probes.
  • This advancement enables enhanced remote sensing capabilities from space.
  • The design satisfies key requirements for miniaturization and lightweight construction for space missions.