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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

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Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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A cascade cross-coupling hydrogen evolution reaction by visible light catalysis.

Qing-Yuan Meng1, Jian-Ji Zhong, Qiang Liu

  • 1Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, PR China.

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|October 29, 2013
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Summary

This study introduces cross-coupling hydrogen evolution (CCHE), a novel reaction forming C-C bonds without oxidants. Using visible light, eosin Y, and a graphene-supported RuO2 catalyst, it efficiently produces cross-coupling products and hydrogen gas.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reactions form C-C bonds from C-H bonds.
  • Existing methods often require stoichiometric oxidants, posing environmental concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel cross-coupling reaction that avoids sacrificial oxidants.
  • To achieve C-C bond formation using only hydrogen gas as a byproduct.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a photocatalytic system combining eosin Y (photosensitizer) and graphene-supported RuO2 (catalyst).
  • Employed visible light irradiation at room temperature.
  • Investigated the cross-coupling hydrogen evolution (CCHE) reaction mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Achieved quantitative yields of desired cross-coupling products.
  • Generated only hydrogen (H2) as a side product, demonstrating an oxidant-free process.
  • The reaction proceeded efficiently under mild conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CCHE reaction offers a sustainable alternative to traditional cross-dehydrogenative-coupling methods.
  • This photocatalytic approach provides a green and efficient route for C-C bond formation.
  • The combination of eosin Y and G-RuO2 is effective for oxidant-free cross-coupling.